Pengaruh rokok pada tekanan darah, indeks masa tubuh dan rasio lingkar pinggang / panggul (sebuah studi observasional di Indonesia)
Keywords:
hipertensi, merokok, obesitas, obesitas sentralAbstract
Pendahuluan: penyakit kardiovaskuler telah menjadi masalah kesehatan global dan nasional, dimana hipertensi dan obesitas menjadi factor contributor utama. Rokok di Indonesia masih menjadi lima besar komoditas belanja rumah tangga. Belum banyak digali bagaimana pengaruh rokok terhadap tekanan darah dan obesitas. Tujuan: mengevaluasi pengaruh rokok terhadap tekanan darah, indeks masa tubuh dan rasio lingkar pinggang / panggul. Metode: studi potong lintang yang melibatkan anggota keluarga / tetangga dekat mahasiswa FKUMS dalam program Field Lab dengan tetap menegakkan protocol kesehatan di bulan November 2020. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data demografi, antropometri dan tekanan darah. Hasil: sebanyak 435 responden secara sukarela mengikuti penelitian ini. Dari analisis bivariat didapatkan rerata [SD] tekanan darah sistolik, diastolic, indeks masa tubuh dan rasio lingkar pinggang/panggul antara perokok vs non-perokok secara berurutan: 125.06[15.31] vs 118.92 [14.51] mmHg; p=0.000; 83.11[8.91]vs80.01[9.65] mmHg; p=0.010; 24.81[3.88] vs 23.95[4.16] kg/m2; p=0.106; 0.92[0.09] vs 0.89[0.08]; p=0.001. Simpulan: merokok berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolic serta rasio lingkar pinggang/panggul, tetapi tidak dengan indeks masa tubuh.
References
[1] C. Manrique-Acevedo, B. Chinnakotla, J. Padilla, L. A. Martinez-Lemus, and D. Gozal, “Obesity and cardiovascular disease in women,” Int J Obes (Lond). , vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1210–1226, 2020, doi: doi:10.1038/s41366-020-0548-0.
[2] R. R. Dhungana, A. R. Pandey, and N. Shrestha, “Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Nepal between 2000 and 2025: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Int. J. Hypertens., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/6610649.
[3] KemenkesRI, “Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018,” 2019.
[4] Kemenkes RI, Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018 [Indonesia Health Profile 2018] . 2019.
[5] Y. Mahendradhata et al., The Republic of Indonesia Health System Review, vol. 7, no. 1. 2017.
[6] H. Wati and H. Thabrany, “Perbandingan Klaim Penyakit Katastropik Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2014,” J. Ekon. Kesehat. Indones. , vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 18–27, 2017, doi: 10.7454/eki.v1i2.1771.
[7] Dinas-Kesehatan-Provinsi-Jawa-Tengah, “Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah 2018,” 2019.
[8] M. Watanabe et al., “Central obesity, smoking habit, and hypertension are associated with lower antibody titres in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine,” Diabetes.
Metab. Res. Rev., vol. 38, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3465.
[9] M. Di Cesare et al., “The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: A worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action,” BMC Med., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8.
[10] Y. Wang, M. A. Beydoun, J. Min, H. Xue, L. A. Kaminsky, and L. J. Cheskin, “Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic,” Int. J. Epidemiol., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 810–823, 2021, doi: 10.1093/IJE/DYZ273.
[11] E. Hemmingsson et al., “Prevalence and time trends of overweight, obesity and severe obesity in 447,925 Swedish adults, 1995–2017,” Scand. J. Public Health, no. November 2019, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.1177/1403494820914802.
[12] H. Bixby et al., “Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults,” Nature, vol. 569, no. 7755, pp. 260–264, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x.
[13] BPS-Statistics-of-Aceh-Singkil-Regency, “Aceh Singkil 2021,” 2021.
[14] BPS-Statistic-of-Lombok-Timur-Regency, “Kabupaten Lombok Timur dalam Angka,” 2021.
[15] F. Efendi et al., “Determinants of smoking behavior among young Abstract :,” Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health, pp. 13–18, 2019, doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0040.
[16] A. A. Dafallah Albashir, “The potential impacts of obesity on COVID-19,” Clin. Med.J. R. Coll. Physicians London, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. E109–E113, 2020, doi: 10.7861/CLINMED.2020-0239.
[17] D. Dicker et al., “Obesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin,” Obes. Facts, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 430–438, 2020, doi: 10.1159/000510005.
[18] A. J. M. de Leeuw, M. A. M. Oude Luttikhuis, A. C. Wellen, C. Müller, and C. F.Calkhoven, “Obesity and its impact on COVID-19,” J. Mol. Med., vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 899–915, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00109-021-02072-4.
[19] J. Sharifi-Rad et al., Diet, lifestyle and cardiovascular diseases: Linking pathophysiology to cardioprotective effects of natural bioactive compounds, vol. 17, no. 7. 2020.
[20] D. Carrick et al., “Hypertension, microvascular pathology, and prognosis after an acute myocardial infarction,” Hypertension, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 720–730, 2018, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10786.
[21] S. Van Oort, J. W. J. Beulens, A. J. Van Ballegooijen, D. E. Grobbee, and S. C. Larsson, “Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors with Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study,” Hypertension, pp. 1971–1979, 2020, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15761.
[22] T. N. Kim, “Elderly Obesity: Is It Harmful or Beneficial?,” J. Obes. Metab. Syndr. , vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 84–92, 2018, doi: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.2.84.
[23] D. S. Sumardilah, “Factors Affecting the Central Obesity (Pot Belly) Risk in State Attorney Office,” J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res. , vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 757–764, 2018, doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v6i3.127.
[24] X. Ye et al., “Trends in Prevalence of Hypertension and Hypertension Phenotypes Among Chinese Children and Adolescents Over Two Decades (1991–2015),” Front. Cardiovasc. Med., vol. 8, no. May, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.627741.
[25] J. Sun, W. Zhou, T. Gu, D. Zhu, and Y. Bi, “A retrospective study on association between obesity and cardiovascular risk diseases with aging in Chinese adults,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24161-0.
[26] T. Kondo, Y. Nakano, S. Adachi, and T. Murohara, “Effects of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular disease,” Circ. J., vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 1980–1985, 2019, doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0323.
[27] S. Dikalov et al., “Tobacco smoking induces cardiovascular mitochondrial oxidative stress, promotes endothelial dysfunction, and enhances hypertension,” Am. J. Physiol. - Hear. Circ. Physiol. , vol. 316, no. 3, pp. H639–H646, 2019, doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00595.2018.
[28] H. A. P. Batatinha, J. C. Rosa Neto, and K. Krüger, “Inflammatory features of obesity and smoke exposure and the immunologic effects of exercise,” Exerc. Immunol. Rev., vol. 25, pp. 96–111, 2019.
[29] C. Haig et al., “Current Smoking and Prognosis After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: New Pathophysiological Insights,” JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 993–1003, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.05.022.
[30] Y. D. Kim et al., “Effects of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Smoking on Age and Sex Prediction from Retinal Fundus Images,” Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61519-9.
[31] S. W. Kim et al., “The relationship between smoking cigarettes and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study with non-single residents of Seoul under 40 years old,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 8 August, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256257.
[32] A. Hamzah, U. Khasanah, and D. Norviatin, “The Correlation of Age, Gender, Heredity, Smoking Habit, Obesity, and Salt Consumption with Hypertension Grade in Cirebon, Indonesia,” GHMJ (Global Heal. Manag. Journal) , vol. 3, no. 3, p. 138, 2019, doi: 10.35898/ghmj-33457.
[33] H. S. Roba, A. S. Beyene, M. M. Mengesha, and B. H. Ayele, “Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study,” Int. J. Hypertens. , vol. 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/9878437.
[34] Y. S. Park et al., “Association between secondhand smoke exposure and hypertension in never smokers: A cross-sectional survey using data from Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey V, 2010-2012,” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1–6, 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021217.
[35] R. Carreras-Torres et al., “Role of obesity in smoking behaviour: Mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank,” BMJ, vol. 361, 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmj.k1767.
[36] K. Kos, “Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality with Smoking Cessation, Review of Recommendations for People with Diabetes and Obesity,” Curr. Diab. Rep., vol. 20, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11892-020-01352-6.
[37] R. Baalbaki et al., “Association between smoking hookahs (Shishas) and higher risk of obesity: A systematic review of population-based studies,” J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, doi: 10.3390/jcdd6020023.
[38] E. O. Anto et al., “Prevalence and lifestyle-related risk factors of obesity andunrecognized hypertension among bus drivers in Ghana,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 1, p. e03147, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03147.
[39] J. Manullang, A. L. Rantetampang, Y. Ruru, and A. Mallongi, “Factors Influence level of Cholesterol , Triglyceride , LDL , HDL on Miliitary and Civil Servants in the Navy Military National of Indonesia , Jayapura,” vol. 3, no. December, pp. 46–52, 2018
[2] R. R. Dhungana, A. R. Pandey, and N. Shrestha, “Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Nepal between 2000 and 2025: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Int. J. Hypertens., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/6610649.
[3] KemenkesRI, “Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018,” 2019.
[4] Kemenkes RI, Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018 [Indonesia Health Profile 2018] . 2019.
[5] Y. Mahendradhata et al., The Republic of Indonesia Health System Review, vol. 7, no. 1. 2017.
[6] H. Wati and H. Thabrany, “Perbandingan Klaim Penyakit Katastropik Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2014,” J. Ekon. Kesehat. Indones. , vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 18–27, 2017, doi: 10.7454/eki.v1i2.1771.
[7] Dinas-Kesehatan-Provinsi-Jawa-Tengah, “Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah 2018,” 2019.
[8] M. Watanabe et al., “Central obesity, smoking habit, and hypertension are associated with lower antibody titres in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine,” Diabetes.
Metab. Res. Rev., vol. 38, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3465.
[9] M. Di Cesare et al., “The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: A worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action,” BMC Med., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8.
[10] Y. Wang, M. A. Beydoun, J. Min, H. Xue, L. A. Kaminsky, and L. J. Cheskin, “Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic,” Int. J. Epidemiol., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 810–823, 2021, doi: 10.1093/IJE/DYZ273.
[11] E. Hemmingsson et al., “Prevalence and time trends of overweight, obesity and severe obesity in 447,925 Swedish adults, 1995–2017,” Scand. J. Public Health, no. November 2019, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.1177/1403494820914802.
[12] H. Bixby et al., “Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults,” Nature, vol. 569, no. 7755, pp. 260–264, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x.
[13] BPS-Statistics-of-Aceh-Singkil-Regency, “Aceh Singkil 2021,” 2021.
[14] BPS-Statistic-of-Lombok-Timur-Regency, “Kabupaten Lombok Timur dalam Angka,” 2021.
[15] F. Efendi et al., “Determinants of smoking behavior among young Abstract :,” Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health, pp. 13–18, 2019, doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0040.
[16] A. A. Dafallah Albashir, “The potential impacts of obesity on COVID-19,” Clin. Med.J. R. Coll. Physicians London, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. E109–E113, 2020, doi: 10.7861/CLINMED.2020-0239.
[17] D. Dicker et al., “Obesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin,” Obes. Facts, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 430–438, 2020, doi: 10.1159/000510005.
[18] A. J. M. de Leeuw, M. A. M. Oude Luttikhuis, A. C. Wellen, C. Müller, and C. F.Calkhoven, “Obesity and its impact on COVID-19,” J. Mol. Med., vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 899–915, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00109-021-02072-4.
[19] J. Sharifi-Rad et al., Diet, lifestyle and cardiovascular diseases: Linking pathophysiology to cardioprotective effects of natural bioactive compounds, vol. 17, no. 7. 2020.
[20] D. Carrick et al., “Hypertension, microvascular pathology, and prognosis after an acute myocardial infarction,” Hypertension, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 720–730, 2018, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10786.
[21] S. Van Oort, J. W. J. Beulens, A. J. Van Ballegooijen, D. E. Grobbee, and S. C. Larsson, “Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors with Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study,” Hypertension, pp. 1971–1979, 2020, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15761.
[22] T. N. Kim, “Elderly Obesity: Is It Harmful or Beneficial?,” J. Obes. Metab. Syndr. , vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 84–92, 2018, doi: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.2.84.
[23] D. S. Sumardilah, “Factors Affecting the Central Obesity (Pot Belly) Risk in State Attorney Office,” J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res. , vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 757–764, 2018, doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v6i3.127.
[24] X. Ye et al., “Trends in Prevalence of Hypertension and Hypertension Phenotypes Among Chinese Children and Adolescents Over Two Decades (1991–2015),” Front. Cardiovasc. Med., vol. 8, no. May, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.627741.
[25] J. Sun, W. Zhou, T. Gu, D. Zhu, and Y. Bi, “A retrospective study on association between obesity and cardiovascular risk diseases with aging in Chinese adults,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24161-0.
[26] T. Kondo, Y. Nakano, S. Adachi, and T. Murohara, “Effects of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular disease,” Circ. J., vol. 83, no. 10, pp. 1980–1985, 2019, doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0323.
[27] S. Dikalov et al., “Tobacco smoking induces cardiovascular mitochondrial oxidative stress, promotes endothelial dysfunction, and enhances hypertension,” Am. J. Physiol. - Hear. Circ. Physiol. , vol. 316, no. 3, pp. H639–H646, 2019, doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00595.2018.
[28] H. A. P. Batatinha, J. C. Rosa Neto, and K. Krüger, “Inflammatory features of obesity and smoke exposure and the immunologic effects of exercise,” Exerc. Immunol. Rev., vol. 25, pp. 96–111, 2019.
[29] C. Haig et al., “Current Smoking and Prognosis After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: New Pathophysiological Insights,” JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 993–1003, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.05.022.
[30] Y. D. Kim et al., “Effects of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Smoking on Age and Sex Prediction from Retinal Fundus Images,” Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61519-9.
[31] S. W. Kim et al., “The relationship between smoking cigarettes and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study with non-single residents of Seoul under 40 years old,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 8 August, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256257.
[32] A. Hamzah, U. Khasanah, and D. Norviatin, “The Correlation of Age, Gender, Heredity, Smoking Habit, Obesity, and Salt Consumption with Hypertension Grade in Cirebon, Indonesia,” GHMJ (Global Heal. Manag. Journal) , vol. 3, no. 3, p. 138, 2019, doi: 10.35898/ghmj-33457.
[33] H. S. Roba, A. S. Beyene, M. M. Mengesha, and B. H. Ayele, “Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study,” Int. J. Hypertens. , vol. 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/9878437.
[34] Y. S. Park et al., “Association between secondhand smoke exposure and hypertension in never smokers: A cross-sectional survey using data from Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey V, 2010-2012,” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1–6, 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021217.
[35] R. Carreras-Torres et al., “Role of obesity in smoking behaviour: Mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank,” BMJ, vol. 361, 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmj.k1767.
[36] K. Kos, “Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality with Smoking Cessation, Review of Recommendations for People with Diabetes and Obesity,” Curr. Diab. Rep., vol. 20, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11892-020-01352-6.
[37] R. Baalbaki et al., “Association between smoking hookahs (Shishas) and higher risk of obesity: A systematic review of population-based studies,” J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, doi: 10.3390/jcdd6020023.
[38] E. O. Anto et al., “Prevalence and lifestyle-related risk factors of obesity andunrecognized hypertension among bus drivers in Ghana,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 1, p. e03147, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03147.
[39] J. Manullang, A. L. Rantetampang, Y. Ruru, and A. Mallongi, “Factors Influence level of Cholesterol , Triglyceride , LDL , HDL on Miliitary and Civil Servants in the Navy Military National of Indonesia , Jayapura,” vol. 3, no. December, pp. 46–52, 2018
Downloads
Published
2023-01-04
How to Cite
Romadhon, Y. A., & Kurniati, Y. P. (2023). Pengaruh rokok pada tekanan darah, indeks masa tubuh dan rasio lingkar pinggang / panggul (sebuah studi observasional di Indonesia). Prosiding University Research Colloquium, 1863–1870. Retrieved from https://repository.urecol.org/index.php/proceeding/article/view/2634
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Yusuf Alam Romadhon, Yuni Prastyo Kurniati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
