Shalat sebagai Aktivitas Kognitif Kompleks: Kajian Teoretis dan Studi Kualitatif
Keywords:
neurosains, shalat, tugas kognitifAbstract
Secara ontologis kajian neurosains shalat
berada satu rumpun dengan meditasi. Masih terbatas kajian neurosains
tentang aspek kognitif dari shalat. Secara fenomonelogi subyektif
shalat merupakan aktivitas ibadah agama Islam dimulai dengan niat,
pelaku merubah orientasi kesadarannya menjadi kurang/mengabaikan
sama sekali sekitarnya, memberikan perhatian penuh pada hal-hal yang
harus disadari pada shalat, mulai gerakan shalat,munajat [‘berdialog’]
kepada Allah [Tuhan], ‘merasa’ diperhatikan Allah, bersungguhsungguh
melakukan hal-hal yang ‘disukai’ Allah dalam shalat [total
surrender], memahami makna bacaan shalat, merefleksikan diri pada
makna bacaan-bacaan tersebut, dan pahala yang diterima tergantung
pada seberapa besar bagian yang disadarinya. Dalam konteks orang
Indonesia, terdapat aktivitas kognisi translasi bahasa Arab ke dalam
bahasa ibu ketika menjalankan beban kognisi shalat. Tujuan:
Mengeksplorasi jenis-jenis aktivitas kognitif yang terlibat ketika
seseorang melakukan shalat. Metoda: Ekstraksi studi kepustakaan
neurosains tentang meditasi, shalat, dan tugas-tugas kognitif
konsentratif lainnya, pelacakan teks-teks agama yang relevan dan studi
kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam pada narasumber kompeten
(snowball). Hasil dan kesimpulan: Dua aktivitas kognitif utama
dalam shalat: pertama, aktivitas kognitif “pro tugas” meliputi
perubahan kesadaran dari kesadaran basal, penggunaan memori kerja
dimana terdapat interaksi antara memori jangka pendek dan memori
jangka panjang untuk memahami bacaan yang dilafalkan, penerapan
“theory of mind [teori pikiran]”, kedua, aktivitaskognitif “kontra tugas”
yang diperankan oleh default mode network (DMN) yang mendasari
pikiran mengembara (mind wandering) yang menjadi pengganggu
tugas kognisi. Disamping itu, terdapat konsep trait yang menunjukkan
bukti plastisitas otak karena repetisi aktivitaskognitif shalat dalam
jangka waktu lama. Perlu studi pencitraan syaraf dan elektrofisiologi
lebih lanjut untuk mengkonfirmasi secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif
terhadap aktivitaskognitif shalat.
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self-reference, SCAN(2007)2,313–322 doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030
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mode network and EEG alpha oscillations: An independent component analysis, Brain
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link between meditation and structural lateralization, SCAN (2015)10,55-61
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Panduan Lengkap Shalat Khusyuk, Penerbit Zam-zam Solo
Ardila, A., 2016, Is “Self-Consciousness” Equivalent to “Executive Function”? Psychology &
Neuroscience (2016, May 23) http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pne0000052
Arenander, A.T., Travis, F.T., 2004, Brain Pattern of Self Awareness, in B. Beitman and J. Nair
(eds.), Deficits of Self Awareness in Psychiatric Disorders New York, In Press, 2004
Berkovich-Ohana, A,, Glicksohn, J., 2014, The consciousness state space (CSS) – a unifying
model for consciousness and self, Frontiers in Psychology April 2014 vol 5 article 341
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00341
Borjigina, J., Leed, U., Liu, T., Pal, D., Huff, S., Klarr, D., Sloboda, J., Hernandez, J., Wang,
M.M., Mashour, G.A. 2013, Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in
the dying brain, PNAS August 27, 2013 vol. 110 no. 35 pp 14432–14437
Bradford, E.E.F., Jentzsch, I., Gomez, J-C., 2015, From self to social cognition: Theory of Mind
mechanisms and their relation to Executive Functioning, Cognition 138 (2015) 21 – 34
Buckner, R.L., Andrew-Hanna, J.R., Schacter, D.L., 2008, The Brain's Default Network
Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1124: 1–38 (2008).
©2008 New York Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1196/annals.1440.011
Cahn, B.R., Polich, J. 2006, Meditation States and Traits: EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging
Studies, Psychological Bulletin, 2006, Vol.132, No.2, 180-211 DOI: 10.1037/0033-
2909.132.2.180
Carter, S.M., Little, M., 2007, Justifying Knowledge, Justfying Method, Taking Action:
Epistemologies, Methodalogies, and Methods in Qualitative Research, Qualitative
Health Research Vol 17 No 10 Dec 2007 1316 - 1328 10.1177/1049732307306927
http://qhr.sagepub.com
Cavanna, A.E., Trimble, M.R., 2006, The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and
behavioural correlates, Brain (2006), 129, 564–583 doi:10.1093/brain/awl004
Chang, Y-K., Chu, C-H., Wang, C-C., Song, T-F., Wei, G-X., 2015, Effect of acute exercise
and cardiovascular fitness on cognitive function: An event-related cortical
desynchronization study, Psychophysiology, 52 (2015), 342 - 351 DOI:
10.1111/psyp.12364
Chen, A.C.N., Feng, W., Zhao, H., Yin, Y., Wang, P., 2008, EEG default mode network in the
human brain: Spectral regional field powers, Neuroimage 41 (2008) 561 – 574
Chen, J.E., Glover, G.H., Greicius, M.D., Chang, C., 2017, Dissociated Patterns of Anti-
Correlations with Dorsal and Ventral Default-Mode Networks at Rest, Human Brain
Mapping 00:00–00 (2017)
Cole, M.W., Basset, D.S., Power, J.D., Braver, T.S., Petersen, S.E., 2014, Intrinsic and Task-
Evoked Network Architectures of the Human Brain, Neuron 83, 238 - 251, July 2, 2014
@2014 Elsevier Inc.
Da Silva, F.L., EEG: Origin and Measurement in Mulert C., Lemieux, L., (eds.), EEG–
fMRIDOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-87919-0_2,©Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
Davidson, R.J., 2004, What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: perspectives on frontal
EEG asymmetry research; Commentary, Biological Psychology 67 (2004) 219–233
Dharani, K., 2015, The Biology of Thought; A Neuronal Mechanism in the Generation of
Thought—A New Molecular Model, Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Dietrich, A., 2003, Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient
hypofrontality hypothesis, Consciousness and Cognition 12 (2003) 231–256
Dixon, M.L., Adrews-Hanna, J.R., Spreng, R.N., Irving, Z.C., Mills, C., Girn, M., Christoff, K.,
2017, Interactions between the default network and dorsal attention network vary across
default subsystems, time, and cognitive states, NeuroImage 147 (2017) 632 - 649
Ellamil, M., Fox, K.C.R., Dixon, M.L., Pritchard, S., Todd, R.M., Thompson, E., Christoff, K.,
2016, Dynamics of neural recruitment surrounding the spontaneous arising of thoughts
in experienced mindfulness practitioners, Neuroimage 136 (2016) 186 - 196
Farb, N.A.S. Segal, Z.V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., Anderson, A.K.,
2007, Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of
self-reference, SCAN(2007)2,313–322 doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030
Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A., Bagnato, S., Boccagni, C., Galardi, G., 2014, Do we need
a theory-based assessment of consciousness in the field of disorders of consciousness?
Frontiers in Human Neurosciences June 2014 Vol.8 article 402 doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2014.00402
Fox, K.C.R., Nijeboer, S., Dixon, M.L., Floman, J.L., Ellamil, M., Rumak, S.P., Sedlmeierc, P.,
Christoff, K., 2014. Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic
review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners,
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 43 (2014) 48–73
Ghazali, I., 2014, Mukhtashar Ihya’ Ulumuddin Edisi Indonesia Ringkasan Ihya’ Ulumuddin
Cetakan keduapuluh, Penerbit Sahara, Bekasi, Indonesia
Goldman, A.I., 2012, Theory of Mind, in Margolis, E., Samuels, R., Stich, S., Oxford Handbook
of Philosophy and Cognitive Science (2012)
Hale, J.K., Saxe, R., 2013, Theory of Mind: a Neuronal Prediction Problem, Neuron 79, Sept 4,
2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.020
Happé, F., Ehlers, S., Fletcher, P., Frith, U., Johansson, M., Gillberg, C., Dolan, R., Frackowiak,
R., Frith, C., ‘Theory of mind’ in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of
Asperger syndrome, NeuroReport 8, 197–201 (1996)
Hawwa, S., 2014, Al-Mustakhlash fi Tazkiyatii Anfus, edisi Indonesia, Tazkiyatun Nafs,
Penerbit Era Adicitra Intermedia, 2014
Höfler, M., 2005, The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: a counterfactual perspective,
Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2005, 2:11 http://www.ete-online.com/content/2/1/1
Holm, A., Lukander, K., Korpela, J., Sallinen, M., Müller, K.M.I., 2009, Estimating Brain Load
from the EEG, The Scientific World Journal (2009) 9, 631 – 651
Ibnu-Rajab, 2012, Jamiul Ulum wal Hikam fi Syarhi Hadits Sayyidil Arab wal Ajm Edisi
Indonesia Panduan Ilmu dan Hikmah Jamiul Ulum wal Hikam cetakan keempat 2012
Penerbit PT Darul Falah Bekasi Indonesia
Kaiser, D.A., 2005, Basic Principles of Quantitative EEG, Journal of Adult Development, Vol.
12, Nos. 2/3, August 2005 DOI: 10.1007/s10804-005-7025-9
Khalid, A., 2003, Ibadatul Mu’min, Penerbit Darul Ma’rifah, 1423 H/2003, Edisi Indonesia,
Ibadah sepenuh hati, Penerbit Aqwam, 2006.
Klimesch, W., 1999, EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory
performance: a review and analysis, Brain Research Reviews 29 1999 169–195
Knyazev, G.G., Slobodskoj-Plusnin, J.Y., Bocharov, A.V., Pylkova, L.V., 2011. The default
mode network and EEG alpha oscillations: An independent component analysis, Brain
Research 1402(2011) 67 – 79
Kurth, F., MacKenzie-Graham, A., Toga, A.W., Luders, E., 2015, Shifting brain asymmetry: the
link between meditation and structural lateralization, SCAN (2015)10,55-61
doi:10.1093/scan/nsu029
Lam, N.H., Schoffelen, J-M., Udden, J., Hulten, A., Hagoort, P., 2016, Neural activity during
sentence processing as reflected in theta, alpha, beta and gamma oscilations,
NeuroImage 142 (2016) 43-54
Lazar, S.W., Bush, G., Gollub, R.L., Fricchione, G.L., Khalsa, G., Benson, H., 2000, Functional
brain mapping of the relaxation and meditation, NeuroReport Vol 11 No 7, 15 May
2000, 1581 – 1585
Manna, A., Raffone, A., Perrucci, M.G., Nardo, D., Ferretti, A., Tartaro, A., Londei, A., Gratta,
C.D., Belardinelli, M.O., Romani, G.L. 2010, Neural correlates of focused attention and
cognitive monitoring in meditation, Brain Research Bulletin 82 (2010) 46 - 56
Moran, J.M., Macrae, C.N., Heatherton, T.F., Wyland, C.L., Kelley, W.M., 2006,
Neuroanatomical Evidence for Distinct Cognitive and Affective Components of Self,
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18:9, pp. 1–9
Newberg, A.B., Wintering, N.A., Yaden, D.B., Waldman, M.R., Reddin, J., Alavi, A., 2015, A
case series study of the neurophysiological effects of altered states of mind during
intense Islamic prayer, J Physiol Paris. 2015 Dec;109(4-6):214-220. doi:
10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 19.
Ortinski, P., Meador, K.J., 2004, Neuronal Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness, Arch
Neurol/Vol 61, July 2004
Premack, D., Woodruff, G., 1978, Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? The Behavioral
and Brain Sciences (1978), 4, 515 – 526
Saab, M., 2008, Basic Concepts of Surface Electroencephalography and Signal Processing as
Applied to the Practice of Biofeedback, Biofeedback Volume 36, Issue 4, pp. 128–133
Schaefer, S.M., Jackson, D.C., Davidson, R.J., Aguirre, G.K., Kimberg, D.Y., Thompson-Schill,
S.L., 2002, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:6, 2002 Massachusetts Institute of
Technology pp.913–921
Schulte-Rüther, M., Markowitsch, H.J., Fink, G.R., Piefke, M., Mirror Neuron and Theory of
Mind Mechanisms Involved in Face-to-Face Interactions: A Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Approach to Empathy, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19:8,
2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology pp. 1354–1372
Schurz, M., Radua, J., Airchhorn, M., Richlan, F., Perner, J., 2014, Fractionating theory of
mind: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies, Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews 42 (2014) 9 – 34
Sebastián, M.Á., 2016, Consciousness and Theory of Mind: a Common Theory? THEORIA.
Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia, vol. 31, núm. 1, 2016, pp. 73-
89
Short, E.B., Kose, S., Mu, Q., Borckardt, J., Newberg, A., George, M.S., Kozel, F.A. 2007,
Regional Brain Activation During Meditation Shows Time and Practice Effects: An
Exploratory FMRI Study, eCAM 2010;7(1)121–127 doi:10.1093/ecam/nem163
Simkin, D.R., Thatcher, R.W., Lubar, J.L., 2014, Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback in
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2018-02-21
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Romadhon, Y. A. (2018). Shalat sebagai Aktivitas Kognitif Kompleks: Kajian Teoretis dan Studi Kualitatif. Prosiding University Research Colloquium, 732–741. Retrieved from https://repository.urecol.org/index.php/proceeding/article/view/259
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Copyright (c) 2018 Yusuf Alam Romadhon
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