INTERAKSI PENGARUH FAKTOR DEMOGRAFIS, BIOLOGIS, KELUARGA DAN LINGKUNGAN KRONOBIOLOGIS PADA TINGKAT DEPRESI DAN ANSIETAS (SEBUAH STUDI OBSERVASIONAL DI INDONESIA)
Keywords:
depresi, kecemasan, factor risiko, kronobiologi, keluargaAbstract
Latar Belakang: Gangguan depresi dan kecemasan merupakan permasalahan kesehatan mental di berbagai tingkat pelayanan kesehatan. Depresi dan kecemasan apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik, lebih lanjut berdampak pada berbagai penyakit degeneratif katastrofik menjadi beban utama masalah kesehatan di dunia dan di Indonesia. Analisis lebih komprehensif factor risiko kedua gangguan mental tersebut masih terbatas di Indonesia. Peran factor lingkungan maupun individual berkaitan aspek kronobiologis juga merupakan aspek yang masih terbatas kajiannya dalam konteks Indonesia sebagai factor risiko gangguan depresi dan kecemasan. Tujuan Penelitian: menganalisis factor risiko demografis, biologis, keluarga, dan lingkungan kronobiologis terhadap tingkat depresi dan ansietas pada populasi orang Indonesia. Metode: Studi observasional analitik berdesain potong lintang pada orang Indonesia dari berbagai wilayah, dengan menganalisis aspek demografis, biologis, keluarga, dan lingkungan terkait wilayah waktu. Responden direkrut dengan menggunakan broadcasting link google formulir ke berbagai jejaring media sosial seperti Whatsapp, Twitter, Facebook, Line dan Blogger. Kuesioner yang dibagikan berisi angket demografis (usia, jenis kelamin, status pernikahan, pendidikan formal, pendapatan keluarga), factor biologis (berat badan [kg], tinggi badan [cm]), factor perilaku (merokok, jam tidur – bangun di hari kerja dan libur), factor psikiatari (depresi dan cemas dengan menggunakan kuesioner DASS 21), factor keluarga (APGAR Family, pencari nafkah, perawat, pembuat keputusan utama dalam keluarga), dan factor kronobiologi lingkungan (jarak waktu fajar dan matahari terbit lokal [dihitung dari jadwal sholat lokal] dengan jam kerja). Hasil: didapatkan 795 responden secara sukarela mengikuti penelitian ini. Hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan factor yang berasosiasi secara signifikan pada depresi secara berurutan [odds ratio (p)] meliputi: pendapatan <= Rp. 2.500.000 [2.426(0.013)], pembuat keputusan selain ayah saja [2.449[0.015]), dan APGAR family disfungsional [5.576(0.000)]. Pada kecemasan didapatkan usia < 30 tahun [2.715[0.050]), perempuan [2.020[0.013]), pembuat keputusan selain ayah saja [1.901(0.014)], APGAR Family disfungsional [3.447(0.000), jarak waktu terbit lokal – jam kerja <= 2 jam [3.104(0.005)] merupakan faktor risiko yang secara statistik signifikan. Kesimpulan: tingkat depresi dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendapatan, pembuat keputusan utama dalam keluarga, dan fungsionalitas keluarga; tingkat kecemasan dipengaruhi oleh usia, jenis kelamin, pembuat keputusan utama dalam keluarga, fungsionalitas keluarga, dan jarak waktu matahari terbit lokal – jam kerja.
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